Any Volunteers to Be the First to Travel Through a Wormhole?

Science fiction has long imagined wormholes as a means of traversing the great distances between the stars in short, by human standard, timespans. Such literary devices allow spaceships, in essence, to cover great distances in hours or days instead of centuries that normal space travel would require. Wormholes connect two points in space in a way that the distance between them through the wormhole is much shorter than the distance between them in normal space, like taking a cosmic shortcut.

General relativity tells us that to make a wormhole requires enormous amounts of negative energy which, according to Einstein’s equations, isn’t possible. But, the other grand realm of physics, quantum mechanics, says not so fast.

In a study titled “Humanly traversable wormholes,” Juan Maldacena of the Princeton Institute of Advanced Study and Alexey Milekhin, a graduate of astrophysics student also at Princeton University, claim that we can make such wormholes. They base their calculations on the Randall-Sundrum II model, a theory that postulates a five-dimensional, warped geometry for the universe instead of the one we are familiar with that contains only normal four dimensions. Maldecena and Milekhin claim, using that theory, stable, person-sized wormholes could be created.

                                             Spaceship entering a wormhole. Credit NASA

You have to start, the researchers say, with a black hole that has a large magnetic charge. Such a special wormhole would allow spacefarers to traverse, say, 10,000 lightyears, one-tenth of the way across our galaxy, in a second. The only problem is that to the people at either end of the wormhole, that trip would appear to take 10,000 years, meaning these special wormholes really create shortcuts through time rather than space.

I bet they could still find volunteers willing to take that trip.

  

Each month, I write an astronomy-related column piece for the Oklahoman newspaper. On the following day, I post that same column to my blog page.

 This is reprinted by permission from the Oklahoman and www.newsok.com. 

Time Travel, or The Impossibility Thereof

Time travel is a tried and true science fiction staple. It usually involves being able to fly in a spaceship faster than the speed of light or diving through a wormhole. None of those technologies currently exist in the real world of science.

Astrophysicists often discuss wormholes: can one be created without a black hole as the door, would it be be stable, would it be large enough to travel through without getting destroyed in the process, and what kind of energy source might it take to create one? So far, no one has any idea how to do any of that. NASA is currently testing an engine, known as the EM Drive, which seems to have potential for faster than light travel. But, as of now, no one even knows how it generates thrust.

Albert Einstein said that no object with mass, like a spaceship, can go at the speed light as it would take an infinite amount of energy to get there. He didn’t exactly say nothing could travel faster than the speed of light. You might think that if it can’t travel AT the speed of light, how can a spaceship go faster than the speed of light? Physics allows for a phenomenon called “tunneling” where an object can be in condition A and B but not in between. Physicists run rather simple experiments where objects go from A to B even though they can’t be in between the two states. So far, they’ve only done such experiments with objects like electrons, not spaceships, but that may just be a matter of technology.

Scientists have also discussed ways to create wormholes without a black hole doorway. It only takes a lot of energy. Like a sun’s worth of energy, but still not impossible, in theory.

But here is the rub with time travel. One of the most fundamental truths physicists know about the universe is the conservation of energy. Since Einstein showed us that matter and energy are intimately related via his famous equation E=MC², the full conservation rule is that the total amount of mass and energy must be conserved. It’s known as the 1^st Law of Thermodynamics.

Let’s say I want to travel back in time to meet George Washington. Once I left this time, there is suddenly less mass-energy in the universe now and there is suddenly more mass-energy in the universe in 1776. It all averages out, but the 1^st Law of Thermodynamics is exact, not an average. This appears to make time travel impossible.

Unless, somehow, the exact same amount of mass-energy transfers from then to now at exactly the same instant I go to then. But you might randomly take half a person from then and move him or her to now.

I think I’d just leave it alone.

On the first Tuesday of each month, I write an astronomy-related column piece for the Oklahoman newspaper. On the following day, I post that same column to my blog page. 

This is reprinted by permission form the Oklahoman and newsok.com.